![]() ![]() Results: A significant reduction in anxiety measured by Visual Analog Scale was achieved after patient education with virtual reality models (5.00 to 4.32, Δ-0.68, p < 0.001). Included surgeries were coronary artery bypass graft, surgical aortic valve replacement and thoracic aortic aneurysm surgery. ![]() Additionally, time spent for the education and overall quality were evaluated among further basic characteristics (age, gender, medical expertise, previous non-cardiac surgery and previously informed patients). Anxiety and procedural understanding were evaluated using questionnaires prior to and after the patient education. Methods: Patient education was performed with standardized paper-based methods ( n = 34), 3D-printed models ( n = 34) or virtual reality models ( n = 31). An improved patient education using 3D models may reduce preoperative anxiety and risks associated with it. 2Chair of Medical Materials and Implants, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germanyīackground: Preoperative anxiety in cardiac surgery can lead to prolonged hospital stays and negative postoperative outcomes.1Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany.Maximilian Grab 1,2*, Fabian Hundertmark 1, Nikolaus Thierfelder 1, Matthew Fairchild 3, Petra Mela 2, Christian Hagl 1 and Linda Grefen 1 ![]()
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